

Abnormal Pap smear. The pink and blue objects are squamous epithelial cells; abnormalities include the doubling of the nuclei and a clear area around them. Most abnormal smears in young women are due to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection; when persistent, it is considered an important factor in the development of cancer of the cervix.
Read more about human papillomavirus (HPV) and abnormal pap smears:
Sherris Medical Microbiology, 7e > Chapter 19. Papilloma and Polyoma Viruses > Papillomavirus Disease
CURRENT Diagnosis and Treatment Pediatrics: Chapter 10. Immunization > Human Papillomavirus Vaccination
Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 20e: Chapter 193. Human Papillomavirus Infections Williams Obstetrics, 25e: Chapter 65. Sexually Transmitted Infections > Human Papillomavirus
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